{"check":null,"uid":"0e0ed2712b4a2988","title":"DEFIANCE Act of 2025","title_generated":false,"country":"США","organ":"Конгресс США","kind":"law","kind_name":"Законодательство","lang":"en","date":"2026-07-06","summary":"Человек, изображённый на интимном дипфейке, получает право на федеральный гражданский иск. Ответчиком становится тот, кто без его согласия заведомо распространил, изготовил, хранил с целью распространения либо заказал и получил интимную цифровую подделку (intimate digital forgery) — правдоподобное изображение узнаваемого лица, созданное программой, машинным обучением или иным техническим способом. Расширяются и взыскания за распространение подлинных интимных изображений: добавляются штрафные убытки и доход нарушителя от такого использования. Давность — 10 лет с момента, когда потерпевший узнал о нарушении или достиг 18 лет, смотря что позже.","snippet":"","topics":["Искусственный интеллект"],"status":"ok","error":"","text_len":15985,"versions":2,"url":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/119-congress/s/1837","first_seen":"2026-08-19","last_checked":"2026-09-17 01:58","relevance":"hit","score":12,"query":"","source_key":"congress_us","verdict":{"relevance":"hit","score":12,"topics":["Искусственный интеллект"],"need_body":3,"authorities":[],"evidence":[{"topic":"Искусственный интеллект","term":"дипфейк","weak":false,"pos":55,"ctx":"defiance act of 2025 человек, изображённый на интимном дипфейке, получает право на федеральный гражданский иск. ответчиком становится тот, кто без его со","zone":"название","weight":3},{"topic":"Искусственный интеллект","term":"машинн обучен","weak":false,"pos":372,"ctx":"ate digital forgery) — правдоподобное изображение узнаваемого лица, созданное программой, машинным обучением или иным техническим способом. расширяются и взыскания за распространение подлинных интим","zone":"название","weight":3},{"topic":"Искусственный интеллект","term":"deepfake","weak":false,"pos":347,"ctx":"ederal civil action for nonconsensual conduct involving intimate digital forgeries (i.e., deepfakes). the term intimate digital forgery means any intimate visual depiction of an identifiabl","zone":"текст","weight":1},{"topic":"Искусственный интеллект","term":"machine learning","weak":false,"pos":483,"ctx":"means any intimate visual depiction of an identifiable individual created using software, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or other computer-generated or technological means that looks a","zone":"текст","weight":1},{"topic":"Искусственный интеллект","term":"artificial intelligence","weak":false,"pos":501,"ctx":"visual depiction of an identifiable individual created using software, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or other computer-generated or technological means that looks authentic. with respect to","zone":"текст","weight":1},{"topic":"Искусственный интеллект","term":"deepfake","weak":false,"pos":2521,"ctx":"''.  sec. 2. findings.  congress finds the following: (1) digital forgeries, often called deepfakes, are synthetic images and videos that look realistic. the technology to create digital fo","zone":"текст","weight":1},{"topic":"Искусственный интеллект","term":"machine learning","weak":false,"pos":6400,"ctx":"that makes the visual depiction intimate; ``(ii) is created through the use of software, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or any other computer-generated or technological means, includi","zone":"текст","weight":1},{"topic":"Искусственный интеллект","term":"artificial intelligence","weak":false,"pos":6418,"ctx":"sual depiction intimate; ``(ii) is created through the use of software, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or any other computer-generated or technological means, including by adapting, modifying","zone":"текст","weight":1}],"dropped":[{"topic":"Персональные данные","term":"privacy","weak":true,"pos":3702,"ctx":"never those victims are depicted in intimate digital forgeries against their will, as the privacy of those victims is violated and the victims lose control over their likeness and identit","why":"только многозначные термины"},{"topic":"Персональные данные","term":"privacy","weak":true,"pos":12942,"ctx":"tributable to factors other than the conduct at issue in the claim. ``(4) preservation of privacy.--in a civil action filed under this section, the court may issue an order to protect the","why":"только многозначные термины"},{"topic":"Персональные данные","term":"privacy","weak":true,"pos":13040,"ctx":"--in a civil action filed under this section, the court may issue an order to protect the privacy of a plaintiff, including by-- ``(a) permitting the plaintiff to use a pseudonym; ``(b) r","why":"только многозначные термины"},{"topic":"Авторское право и цифровой контент","term":"intellectual property","weak":true,"pos":15643,"ctx":"n amendment made by this act, shall be construed to limit or expand any law pertaining to intellectual property.  passed the senate january 13, 2026.  attest:  secretary. 119th congress  2d session  s.","why":"одиночное упоминание (нужно 3)"}]},"last_changed":"2026-09-11","meta":{"congress":"119","billType":"S","number":"1837","policyArea":"Crime and Law Enforcement","subjects":["Advanced technology and technological innovations","Assault and harassment offenses","Civil actions and liability","Computer security and identity theft","Computers and information technology","Digital media","Fraud offenses and financial crimes","Photography and imaging","Pornography","Right of privacy","Sex offenses"],"latestAction":"2025-05-21 Referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary.","textVersion":"es"},"source_url":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/119-congress/s/1837","text":"SUMMARY\nDisrupt Explicit Forged Images And Non-Consensual Edits Act of 2025 or the DEFIANCE Act of 2025\nThis bill expands civil remedies for the nonconsensual disclosure of intimate images (i.e., nonconsensual pornography). The bill also establishes a new federal civil action for nonconsensual conduct involving intimate digital forgeries (i.e., deepfakes). The term intimate digital forgery means any intimate visual depiction of an identifiable individual created using software, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or other computer-generated or technological means that looks authentic.\nWith respect to the nonconsensual disclosure of intimate images, current law allows an identifiable individual to recover civil remedies, including litigation costs, damages, and injunctive relief. This bill increases the available damages by allowing the individual to recover punitive damages and by including, as part of actual damages, profits of the defendant that are attributable to the conduct at issue.\nThe bill also allows an identifiable individual who is the subject of an intimate digital forgery to file a federal civil action against anyone who knowingly discloses, produces or possesses with intent to disclose, or solicits and receives the intimate digital forgery without the individual's consent. Under the bill, the identifiable individual may recover the same expanded civil remedies that are available for the nonconsensual disclosure of intimate images.\nFinally, the bill establishes a 10-year statute of limitations for filing civil actions involving nonconsensual intimate digital forgeries or nonconsensual disclosure of intimate images. The statute begins to run when the individual discovers the violation or turns 18, whichever is later.\n\nFULL TEXT\n[Congressional Bills 119th Congress]\n[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]\n[S. 1837 Engrossed in Senate (ES)]\n\n<DOC>\n\n119th CONGRESS\n2d Session\nS. 1837\n\n_______________________________________________________________________\n\nAN ACT\n\nTo improve rights to relief for individuals affected by non-consensual\nactivities involving intimate digital forgeries, and for other\npurposes.\n\nBe it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the\nUnited States of America in Congress assembled,\n\nSECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.\n\nThis Act may be cited as the ``Disrupt Explicit Forged Images And\nNon-Consensual Edits Act of 2025'' or the ``DEFIANCE Act of 2025''.\n\nSEC. 2. FINDINGS.\n\nCongress finds the following:\n(1) Digital forgeries, often called deepfakes, are\nsynthetic images and videos that look realistic. The technology\nto create digital forgeries is now ubiquitous and easy to use.\nHundreds of apps are available that can quickly generate\ndigital forgeries without the need for any technical expertise.\n(2) Digital forgeries can be wholly fictitious but can also\nmanipulate images of real people to depict sexually intimate\nconduct that did not occur. For example, some digital forgeries\nwill paste the face of an individual onto the body of a real or\nfictitious individual who is nude or who is engaging in sexual\nactivity. Another example is a photograph of an individual that\nis manipulated to digitally remove the clothing of the\nindividual so that the person appears to be nude.\n(3) The individuals depicted in such digital forgeries are\nprofoundly harmed when the content is produced with intent to\ndisclose, disclosed, or obtained without the consent of those\nindividuals. These harms are not mitigated through labels or\nother information that indicates that the depiction is fake.\n(4) It can be destabilizing to victims whenever those\nvictims are depicted in intimate digital forgeries against\ntheir will, as the privacy of those victims is violated and the\nvictims lose control over their likeness and identity.\n(5) Victims can feel helpless because the victims--\n(A) may not be able to determine who has created\nthe content; and\n(B) do not know how to prevent further disclosure\nof the intimate digital forgery or how to prevent more\nforgeries from being made.\n(6) Victims may be fearful of being in public out of\nconcern that individuals the victims encounter have seen the\ndigital forgeries. This leads to social rupture through the\nloss of the ability to trust, stigmatization, and isolation.\n(7) Victims of non-consensual, sexually intimate digital\nforgeries may experience depression, anxiety, and suicidal\nideation. These victims may also experience the ``silencing\neffect'' in which the victims withdraw from online spaces and\npublic discourse to avoid further abuse.\n(8) Digital forgeries are often used to--\n(A) harass victims, interfering with their\nemployment, education, reputation, or sense of safety;\nor\n(B) commit extortion, sexual assault, domestic\nviolence, and other crimes.\n(9) Because of the harms caused by non-consensual, sexually\nintimate digital forgeries, such digital forgeries are\nconsidered to be a form of image-based sexual abuse.\n\nSEC. 3. CIVIL ACTION RELATING TO DISCLOSURE OF INTIMATE IMAGES.\n\n(a) Definitions.--Section 1309 of the Consolidated Appropriations\nAct, 2022 (15 U.S.C. 6851) is amended--\n(1) in the section heading, by inserting ``or nonconsensual\nactivity involving digital forgeries'' after ``intimate\nimages''; and\n(2) in subsection (a)--\n(A) in paragraph (2), by inserting ``competent,''\nafter ``conscious,'';\n(B) by striking paragraph (3);\n(C) by redesignating paragraph (4) as paragraph\n(3);\n(D) by redesignating paragraphs (5) and (6) as\nparagraphs (6) and (7), respectively;\n(E) by inserting after paragraph (3) the following:\n``(4) Identifiable individual.--The term `identifiable\nindividual' means an individual whose body appears in whole or\nin part in an intimate visual depiction or intimate digital\nforgery and who is identifiable by virtue of the individual's\nface, likeness, or other distinguishing characteristic, such as\na unique birthmark or other recognizable feature, or from\ninformation displayed in connection with the intimate visual\ndepiction or intimate digital forgery.\n``(5) Intimate digital forgery.--\n``(A) In general.--The term `intimate digital\nforgery' means any intimate visual depiction of an\nidentifiable individual that--\n``(i) falsely represents, in whole or in\npart--\n``(I) the identifiable individual;\nor\n``(II) the conduct or content that\nmakes the visual depiction intimate;\n``(ii) is created through the use of\nsoftware, machine learning, artificial\nintelligence, or any other computer-generated\nor technological means, including by adapting,\nmodifying, manipulating, or altering an\nauthentic visual depiction; and\n``(iii) is indistinguishable from an\nauthentic visual depiction of the identifiable\nindividual when viewed as a whole by a\nreasonable person.\n``(B) Labels, disclosure, and context.--Any visual\ndepiction described in subparagraph (A) constitutes an\nintimate digital forgery for purposes of this paragraph\nregardless of whether a label, information disclosed\nwith the visual depiction, or the context or setting in\nwhich the visual depiction is disclosed states or\nimplies that the visual depiction is not authentic.'';\nand\n(F) in paragraph (6)(A), as so redesignated--\n(i) in clause (i), by striking ``or'' at\nthe end;\n(ii) in clause (ii)--\n(I) in subclause (I), by striking\n``individual;'' and inserting\n``individual; or''; and\n(II) by striking subclause (III);\nand\n(iii) by adding at the end the following:\n``(iii) an identifiable individual engaging\nin sexually explicit conduct; and''.\n(b) Civil Action.--Section 1309(b) of the Consolidated\nAppropriations Act, 2022 (15 U.S.C. 6851(b)) is amended--\n(1) in paragraph (1)--\n(A) by striking subparagraph (A) and inserting the\nfollowing:\n``(A) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph\n(5)--\n``(i) an identifiable individual whose\nintimate visual depiction is disclosed, in or\naffecting interstate or foreign commerce or\nusing any means or facility of interstate or\nforeign commerce, without the consent of the\nidentifiable individual, where such disclosure\nwas made by a person who knows or recklessly\ndisregards that the identifiable individual has\nnot consented to such disclosure, may bring a\ncivil action against that person in an\nappropriate district court of the United States\nfor relief as set forth in paragraph (3);\n``(ii) an identifiable individual who is\nthe subject of an intimate digital forgery may\nbring a civil action in an appropriate district\ncourt of the United States for relief as set\nforth in paragraph (3) against any person that\nknowingly produced or possessed the intimate\ndigital forgery with intent to disclose it,\nknowingly disclosed the intimate digital\nforgery, or knowingly solicited and received\nthe intimate digital forgery, if--\n``(I) the identifiable individual\ndid not consent to such production or\npossession with intent to disclose,\ndisclosure, or solicitation and\nreceipt;\n``(II) the person knew or\nrecklessly disregarded that the\nidentifiable individual did not consent\nto such production or possession with\nintent to disclose, disclosure, or\nsolicitation and receipt; and\n``(III) such production or\npossession with intent to disclose,\ndisclosure, or solicitation and\nreceipt, is in or affects interstate or\nforeign commerce or uses any means or\nfacility of interstate or foreign\ncommerce; and\n``(iii) an identifiable individual who is\nthe subject of an intimate digital forgery may\nbring a civil action in an appropriate district\ncourt of the United States for relief as set\nforth in paragraph (3) against any person that\nknowingly produced the intimate digital forgery\nif--\n``(I) the identifiable individual\ndid not consent to such production;\n``(II) the person knew or\nrecklessly disregarded that the\nidentifiable individual--\n``(aa) did not consent to\nsuch production; and\n``(bb) was harmed, or was\nreasonably likely to be harmed,\nby the production; and\n``(III) such production is in or\naffects interstate or foreign commerce\nor uses any means or facility of\ninterstate or foreign commerce.''; and\n(B) in subparagraph (B)--\n(i) in the subparagraph heading, by\ninserting ``identifiable'' before\n``individuals''; and\n(ii) by striking ``an individual who is\nunder 18 years of age, incompetent,\nincapacitated, or deceased, the legal guardian\nof the individual'' and inserting ``an\nidentifiable individual who is under 18 years\nof age, incompetent, incapacitated, or\ndeceased, the legal guardian of the\nidentifiable individual'';\n(2) in paragraph (2)--\n(A) in subparagraph (A)--\n(i) by inserting ``identifiable'' before\n``individual'';\n(ii) by striking ``depiction'' and\ninserting ``intimate visual depiction or\nintimate digital forgery''; and\n(iii) by striking ``distribution'' and\ninserting ``disclosure, solicitation, or\npossession''; and\n(B) in subparagraph (B)--\n(i) by inserting ``identifiable'' before\n``individual'';\n(ii) by inserting ``or intimate digital\nforgery'' after ``depiction'' each place it\nappears; and\n(iii) by inserting ``, solicitation, or\npossession'' after ``disclosure'';\n(3) by redesignating paragraph (4) as paragraph (5);\n(4) by striking paragraph (3) and inserting the following:\n``(3) Relief.--\n``(A) In general.--In a civil action filed under\nthis section, an identifiable individual may recover--\n``(i) damages as provided under\nsubparagraph (C); and\n``(ii) the cost of the action, including\nreasonable attorney fees and other litigation\ncosts reasonably incurred.\n``(B) Punitive damages and other relief.--The court\nmay, in addition to any other relief available at law,\naward punitive damages or order equitable relief,\nincluding a temporary restraining order, a preliminary\ninjunction, or a permanent injunction ordering the\ndefendant to delete, destroy, or cease to display or\ndisclose the intimate visual depiction or intimate\ndigital forgery.\n``(C) Damages.--For purposes of subparagraph\n(A)(i), the identifiable individual may recover--\n``(i) liquidated damages in the amount of--\n``(I) $150,000; or\n``(II) $250,000 if the conduct at\nissue in the claim was--\n``(aa) committed in\nrelation to actual or attempted\nsexual assault, stalking, or\nharassment of the identifiable\nindividual by the defendant; or\n``(bb) the direct and\nproximate cause of actual or\nattempted sexual assault,\nstalking, or harassment of the\nidentifiable individual by any\nperson; or\n``(ii) actual damages sustained by the\nindividual, which shall include any profits of\nthe defendant that are attributable to the\nconduct at issue in the claim that are not\notherwise taken into account in computing the\nactual damages.\n``(D) Calculation of defendant's profit.--For\npurposes of subparagraph (C)(ii), to establish the\ndefendant's profits, the identifiable individual shall\nbe required to present proof only of the gross revenue\nof the defendant, and the defendant shall be required\nto prove the deductible expenses of the defendant and\nthe elements of profit attributable to factors other\nthan the conduct at issue in the claim.\n``(4) Preservation of privacy.--In a civil action filed\nunder this section, the court may issue an order to protect the\nprivacy of a plaintiff, including by--\n``(A) permitting the plaintiff to use a pseudonym;\n``(B) requiring the parties to redact the personal\nidentifying information of the plaintiff from any\npublic filing, or to file such documents under seal;\nand\n``(C) issuing a protective order for purposes of\ndiscovery, which may include an order indicating that\nany intimate visual depiction or intimate digital\nforgery shall remain in the care, custody, and control\nof the court.'';\n(5) in paragraph (5)(A), as so redesignated--\n(A) by striking ``image'' and inserting ``visual\ndepiction or intimate digital forgery''; and\n(B) by striking ``depicted'' and inserting\n``identifiable''; and\n(6) by adding at the end the following:\n``(6) Statute of limitations.--Any action commenced under\nthis section shall be barred unless the complaint is filed not\nlater than 10 years from the later of--\n``(A) the date on which the identifiable individual\nreasonably discovers the violation that forms the basis\nfor the claim; or\n``(B) the date on which the identifiable individual\nreaches 18 years of age.\n``(7) Duplicative recovery barred.--No relief may be\nordered under paragraph (3) against a person who is subject to\na judgment under section 2255 of title 18, United States Code,\nfor the same conduct involving the same identifiable individual\nand the same intimate visual depiction or intimate digital\nforgery.''.\n(c) Continued Applicability of Federal, State, and Tribal Law.--\n(1) In general.--This Act shall not be construed to impair,\nsupersede, or limit a provision of Federal, State, or Tribal\nlaw.\n(2) No preemption.--Nothing in this Act shall prohibit a\nState or Tribal government from adopting and enforcing a\nprovision of law governing disclosure of intimate images or\nnonconsensual activity involving an intimate digital forgery,\nas defined in section 1309(a) of the Consolidated\nAppropriations Act, 2022 (15 U.S.C. 6851(a)), as amended by\nthis Act, that is at least as protective of the rights of a\nvictim as this Act.\n\nSEC. 4. SEVERABILITY; RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.\n\n(a) Severability.--If any provision of this Act, an amendment made\nby this Act, or the application of such a provision or amendment to any\nperson or circumstance, is held to be unconstitutional, the remaining\nprovisions of and amendments made by this Act, and the application of\nthe provision or amendment held to be unconstitutional to any other\nperson or circumstance, shall not be affected thereby.\n(b) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this Act, or an amendment\nmade by this Act, shall be construed to limit or expand any law\npertaining to intellectual property.\n\nPassed the Senate January 13, 2026.\n\nAttest:\n\nSecretary.\n119th CONGRESS\n\n2d Session\n\nS. 1837\n\n_______________________________________________________________________\n\nAN ACT\n\nTo improve rights to relief for individuals affected by non-consensual\nactivities involving intimate digital forgeries, and for other\npurposes.","changes":[{"id":590,"doc_id":186,"v_from":292,"v_to":13674,"detected_at":"2026-09-11 02:51:41","added":363,"removed":11,"summary":"--- \n+++ \n-Error occurred. The page you requested cannot be found.\n-\n-Please report this error to askGPO.\n-\n-Provide the following information to help us resolve this problem: the URL of the page you were trying to access, the steps you followed to produce the error, specific search or browse terms, and/or a screenshot of the page where the error occurred.\n-\n-Thank you for your patience.\n-\n-Homepage\n-\n-Search Tips\n+[Congressional Bills 119th Congress]\n+[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]\n+[S. 1837 Engrossed in Senate (ES)]\n+\n+<DOC>\n+\n+119th CONGRESS\n+2d Session\n+S. 1837\n+\n+_______________________________________________________________________\n+\n+AN ACT\n+\n+To improve rights to relief for individuals affected by non-consensual\n+activities involving intimate digital forgeries, and for other\n+purposes.\n+\n+Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the\n+United States of America in Congress assembled,\n+\n+SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.\n+\n+This Act may be cited as the ``Disrupt Explicit Forged Images And\n+Non-Consensual Edits Act of 2025'' or the ``DEFIANCE Act of 2025''.\n+\n+SEC. 2. FINDINGS.\n+\n+Congress finds the following:\n+(1) Digital forgeries, often called deepfakes, are\n+synthetic images and videos that look realistic. The technology\n+to create digital forgeries is now ubiquitous and easy to use.\n+Hundreds of apps are available that can quickly generate\n+digital forgeries without the need for any technical expertise.\n+(2) Digital forgeries can be wholly fictitious but can also\n+manipulate images of real people to depict sexually intimate\n+conduct that did not occur. For example, some digital forgeries\n+will paste the face of an individual onto the body of a real or\n+fictitious individual who is nude or who is engaging in sexual\n+activity. Another example is a photograph of an individual that\n+is manipulated to digitally remove the clothing of the\n+individual so that the person appears to be nude.\n+(3) The individuals depicted in such digital forgeries are\n+profoundly harmed when the content is produced with intent to\n+disclose, disclosed, or obtained without the consent of those\n+individuals. These harms are not mitigated through labels or"}],"passport":{"data":{"act":{"jurisdiction":"США","title_official":"Disrupt Explicit Forged Images And Non-Consensual Edits Act of 2025 или DEFIANCE Act of 2025","title_short":"","level":"Закон","date_adopted":"Январь 13, 2026","date_in_force":"","date_version":"","phased":"","status":"Действует","sunset":"","regulator":"Судебная система США","related":""},"goal":{"problem":"Защита лиц от незаконного распространения интимных цифровых подделок (дипфейк).","goal":"Расширить возможности пострадавших лиц предъявлять иски против распространителей таких поддельных изображений.","targets":"","scope":"Лица, пострадавшие от распространения интимных цифровых подделок.","exclusions":""},"subjects_note":{"protected":"Пострадавшие лица от распространения интимных цифровых подделок."},"subjects":[{"role":"Потребитель","who":"Лицо, чьи изображения были использованы незаконно в интимной цифровой подделке.","criteria":"Наличие изображения в интимной цифровой подделке, которая была создана без согласия субъекта.","count":"нет данных"}],"norms":[{"address":"SEC. 3(a)","addressee":"Госорган","essence":"Судебные органы вправе защищать интересы пострадавших лиц путем применения мер защиты их личности и конфиденциальности.","type":"Полномочие","mechanism":"Информирование","cost_channel":"Нет прямых издержек","cost_kind":"","trigger":"По запросу органа","sanction":"","refs":"","form":"Бумажная","in_force":"","ru_analog":""}]},"made_by":"GigaChat-2","made_at":"2026-09-16 07:18:56","edited_at":null,"edited_by":null}}